The International Criminal Court is holding a hearing to determine whether former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte should stand trial for crimes against humanity committed during his bloody "war on drugs".
The campaign, which Duterte waged as a city mayor and then throughout his six-year presidency, saw the extrajudicial killings of tens of thousands of alleged dealers, users and others, human rights groups say. ICC prosecutors allege he was involved in at least 76 murders and have charged him with three counts of crimes against humanity.
Duterte, 80, drew international condemnation over the campaign, but was unfazed, at one point saying he'd be "happy to slaughter" millions of "drug addicts" who he said were destroying the country.
"Duterte's so-called war on drugs resulted in the killings of thousands of civilians and many of these victims were children," prosecutor Mame Niang told the judges on Monday, calling for Duterte to be held to account. The proceedings were "a reminder that those in power are not above the law", he said.
Duterte waived his right to be present in the courtroom, saying he does not recognise the ICC's authority. He maintains his innocence, his lawyer said.
The hearing will be held over four days, after which ICC judges must decide if there is enough evidence to proceed to a full trial.
Who is Rodrigo Duterte?
Duterte was elected president of the Philippines in 2016, having promised to eradicate street crime by cracking down on illegal drugs. He had built a reputation for being tough against crime as mayor of Davao, a sprawling southern metropolis, and said peace and order were necessary to spur investments.
Despite his contentious legacy, his presidential campaign and strongman style proved hugely popular in a country with rampant drug issues. He frequently portrayed himself as a political outsider, and promised to champion the interest of Filipinos in the provinces who felt marginalised by Manila's elite.
Duterte is also notorious for his shocking rhetoric. He has been known to make sexist remarks, previously cursed at the late Pope Francis and former US president Barack Obama, and once compared himself to Hitler.
He has remained staunchly unapologetic about his drug crackdown over the years, saying in a video filmed as he was being taken to The Hague: "What is the law and what is the crime that I committed?"
Despite being in jail at The Hague, he remains popular, especially in Davao where he won the 2025 mayoral race by a landslide.
His daughter, Sara, is the current vice-president, while his son, Sebastian, is vice-mayor of Davao, currently serving as acting mayor.
Shortly after his father's hearing commenced on 23 February, Sebastian Duterte condemned it.
"Let's call this what it is - not justice, not accountability, but selective prosecution dressed up as moral superiority," he wrote on Facebook.
The older Duterte is the first Asian former head of state to be indicted by the ICC.
Families of drug war victims staged a protest on 23 February before watching Duterte's Confirmation of Charges hearing.
What is the case against Duterte?
Duterte is accused of "crimes against humanity" for murder and attempted murder, as well as other offences between 1 November 2011 and 16 March 2019, when he withdrew the Philippines from the jurisdiction of the ICC.
During this period, which straddled his time both as Davao mayor and the first half of his six-year presidential term, he is accused of acting as an "indirect co-perpetrator" who used others as tools to kill.
Prosecutors claim he used police officers and hired hitmen to "neutralise" people branded as criminals, and the tactic was part of his flagship anti-drug drive called Operation Double Barrel.
What led to his arrest?
Duterte's arrest and deportation last March was the result of a dramatic chain of events - precipitated by a falling out between his daughter, Sara, and his successor, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
The Marcos and Duterte families had formed a formidable alliance in the 2022 election to solidify their support bases, but later feuded as they pursued divergent political paths.
Marcos had previously refused to co-operate with the ICC investigation, categorically declaring that the Philippines "will not cooperate" with the Court "in any way, shape, or form".
But as his relationship with the Duterte family deteriorated, he changed his stance. Duterte's supporters now allege that Marcos is using the ICC as a political tool.
The arrest shocked the nation. Duterte was apprehended at Manila airport after arriving from Hong Kong and hours later was flown to The Hague, where he is detained to this day.
The whole process of his extradition, from his detention in Manila to his arrival in The Hague, has been documented on social media by his daughter Kitty - as well as by Duterte himself, through his aide.
Over the course of more than 24 hours during his transit from Manila to The Hague, Duterte shared to Facebook a series of videos which allowed the world to follow the details of his journey - right down to the meals he was served on board his chartered jet.
These provided rare insight into what is usually an opaque process.
Why is the Duterte case important?
In the Philippines, the case is part of a broader power struggle between the Duterte and Marcos families.
The son of the ruthless dictator Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda, Marcos Jr had a political career charted out for him by his parents – but this was derailed by a revolution in 1986 led to the family's downfall.
In the 1990s, Marcos became a provincial governor, congressman and senator, before running and winning the presidential race in 2022 after striking a deal with the Dutertes and making Sara his vice-president.
